AmericaÕs novel use of special operations forces, precision weapons, and indigenous allies has attracted widespread attention since its debut in Northern Afghanistan last fall. It has proven both influential and controversial. Many think it caused the TalibanÕs sudden collapse. For them, this ÒAfghan ModelÓ represents warfareÕs future and should become the new template for U.S. defense planning. Critics, however, see Afghanistan as an anomalyÑa non-repeatable product of local conditions. This monograph examines the Afghan ModelÕs actual role in the fall of the Taliban, using evidence collected from a combination of 46 participant interviews, terrain inspection in Afghanistan, and written documentation from both official and unofficial sources. The author, Dr. Stephen Biddle, argues that neither of the main current interpretations is sound: Afghanistan offers important clues to warfareÕs future, but not the ones most people think.