Two key long-term energy trends are shifting the strategic balance between the United States and China, the worldÕs superpower rivals in the 21st century: first, a domestic boom in U.S. shale oil and gas is dramatically boosting AmericaÕs energy security; second, the frenetic and successful search for hydrocarbons in Africa is making it an increasingly crucial element in ChinaÕs energy diversification strategy. AmericaÕs increasing energy security and ChinaÕs increased dependence on energy imports from Africa and the Middle East until well past 2040 despite its own shale discoveries will make BeijingÕs own increasing energy insecurity be felt even more acutely, pushing the PeopleÕs Liberation Army to accelerate adoption of a Òtwo oceanÓ military strategy that includes an enduring presence in the Indian Ocean as well as the Pacific Ocean.