This NSF workshop focused on addressing the needs of the Base of the Pyramid population of the worldÐwhich consists of over 4 billion peopleÐthrough integrated and system approaches to explore scientific, technological and design aspects of materials and manufacturing for extreme affordability. This invitation-only workshop was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF), in collaboration with Ball State University, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Engineering for Change, and the IEEE.