{"product_id":"the-age-of-humanism-1453-1658","title":"THE AGE OF HUMANISM (1453-1658)","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis  book  represents  the  third  volume  in  my  series,  An  Essay  in  Universal History.  The  first  volume,  The  Age  of  Faith,  ended  with  the  Seventh  Ecumenical Councils  in  787.  The  second  volume,  The  Age  of  Papism,  ended  with  the  fall  of Constantinople  in  1453.  This  third  volume  ends  with  the  death  of  Oliver Cromwell  in  1658.  It  is  called  The  Age  of  Humanism  because,  while  most  men continued  to  believe  in  God  and  Christianity,  the  focus  of  their  efforts  was  not God, but  man. The  fall  of  Constantinople  in  1453  brought  to  an  end  the  medieval  world, which  was  mainly  characterized,  on  the  one  hand,  by  the  Christian  Faith  in  its traditional,  Orthodox  form,  and  on  the  other,  by  monarchical  modes  of  political government  that  continued  to  draw  inspiration  and  legitimacy  from  the Church.  In  the  modern  world  that  was  about  to  begin,  both  Christianity  and monarchism  would  be  on  the  retreat  Ð  although  the  retreat  was  accompanied by  some  notable  and  prolonged  counter-attacks.  After  1453,  the  Orthodox religio-political  outlook  and  civilization  that  we  have  called  Orthodox  Christian Romanity,  whose  political  aspect  was  Autocracy  and  its  religious  aspect  - Orthodoxy,  largely  disappeared  from  its  Mediterranean  homeland  and  as  it were  bifurcated:  while  its  religious  centre  remained  in  Constantinople,  in  the Ecumenical  Patriarchate,  its  political  centre  moved  north,  to  Moscow,  Òthe Third  RomeÓ.  In  Moscow,  in  what  most  Europeans  considered  to  be  a  barbaric outpost  on  the  edge  of  civilization,  or  even  beyond  its  bounds,  Orthodox Christian  Romanity was preserved. And so the main theme of this third volume in  my  history  is  the  struggle  between  Russia  and  the  waves  of  new  ideas  that assaulted  it  from  the  West  Ð  Humanism  and  Rationalism,  and  Protestantism and  Catholicism...\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"BooksWholesale","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":44261591318689,"sku":"upcabc642","price":52.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0462\/1120\/3233\/files\/9ve5ry-front-shortedge-384.jpg?v=1713936305","url":"https:\/\/bookswholesale.myshopify.com\/products\/the-age-of-humanism-1453-1658","provider":"BooksWholesale","version":"1.0","type":"link"}